(1868~1936) of the former Soviet Union proletarian writer, the founder of socialist realism literature. He was poor, his father died young, 11-year-old is living in the community about when loader, bakeries workers, slum and terminals has become his "community" university classroom. He and working people shared their fate, and personal experience of capitalist exploitation and oppression. This thinking and creative development of his influential.
Gorky assiduous self-study and cultural knowledge, and to actively join the revolution, exploring ways to transform the reality of 1892 released maiden work "news Chu Chandra," boarded literary circles, and his early works, a complex on the two styles of realism and romanticism, which he formed before the proletarian world outlook necessarily experienced stage. Romanticism works such as "news Chu Chandra", "Iraq is Gill old" (1895), "Eagle Song" (1895), praising the love of freedom, for the bright and heroic achievements strong personality, and demonstrated the passion for fighting; Realism works such as "Qierqiashen", "having people", "Kenuo CERD", depicting the life and the suffering of the people of noble character who express their indignation and protest. This Most of the leading character of these works is to seek out new life and thinking about the meaning of life and full of intense inner conflict figures. In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise.
In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise. On the eve of the revolution in 1905, Gorky creative to the drama, 1901~1905 years, he has written the "ordinary people", The "bottom", "summer visitors", "sun children," and (barbarians "and other scripts. Especially the "public" and "end - "demonstrates real life workers with the new image of the new mental outlook, demonstrated their determination to fight for their rights And optimism, their staged in the Russian composers, raises sensational.
Gorky from 1906 novel "Mother" and the script "enemy" two most important works -- marks its Chong Reached a new peak. "mother" mold first in the history of the world literature consciously proletarian struggle for socialism Revolutionary hero image, socialist realism is the foundation for literature. Lenin affirmed its relevance. 1905 revolution failed, the United States and Italy Gorky wrote a series of political comment articles from the Western capitalist system Degrees and are in ideology, the various literary reactionary ideologies. 1908 creation novella "repent" revealed idealist God creates, the theory of thinking, serious criticism by Lenin, and the enthusiasm to help him. Nevertheless, the dominant Gorky Tendency remains positive, which is filled with a revolutionary fighting spirit. Creation of new methods of proletarian literature from the theoretical into the OK explore the many proposed combination of realism and romanticism perspective. In between his two creative revolution has yielded fruitful results. Such as "Ms. Love town" (1909), "summer (1909)," Liu Jin Wu Ke hot life "(1910~ 1911), "Italian Tales" (1911~1913), "Russia's" (1912~1917), and later completed The administration of the former two bodies novel trilogy "childhood" and "human" (1913~1916).
October Revolution after 10 years, because of poor health Gorky, Lenin and some only write on the unique artistic style writer Georgia and the value of important documents and memoirs of a self body of the final trilogy "My University" (1922~1923), "a Orta Rakhmonov's cause "(1924~1925) several films. 1921, he followed Lenin advice abroad to rest and recuperate. After returning in 1931 from 1925 onwards to create interesting Haofan so long discussions with the epic "Mr. Sum The life, "This is a unfinished works. He died in 1936 before he also wrote the "Soviet travel notes" (1929) "English - Story, "and number of peoples playwriting" Yegeer Buleiqiaofu and others "(1932)," Tuosixie Presse, and others "(1933), "Wasa Japan emergence Javier Nova" (1935), as well as a large number of literary and art theory, literary criticism and political comment article on the Marx Of artistic theory and socialist cultural undertakings made a significant contribution.
Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding community activist. He had set up the Soviet Writers Association, And presided over a congress of the Soviet Union the first writer, a literary newcomers to participate actively in the defence of the cause of world peace. Gorky's works since 1907 began introducing to China. His outstanding literary works and books bands in the world-off Class common wealth.

我找来中文版:
（1868～1936）前苏联无产阶级作家，社会主义现实主义文学的奠基人。他出身贫苦，幼年丧父，11岁即为生计在社会上奔波，当装卸工、面包房工人，贫民窟和码头成了他的“社会”大学的课堂。他与劳动人民同呼吸共命运，亲身经历了资本主义残酷的剥削与压迫。这对他的思想和创作发展具有重要影响。
高尔基刻苦自学文化知识，并积极投身革命活动，探求改造现实的途径1892年发表处女作《马卡尔·楚德拉》，登上文坛，他的早期作品，杂存着现实主义与浪漫主义两种风格，这是他无产阶级世界观形成前必然经历的阶段。浪漫主义作品如《马卡尔·楚德拉》、《伊则吉尔老婆子》（1895）、《鹰之歌》（1895）等，赞美了热爱自由、向往光明与英雄业绩的坚强个性，表现了渴望战斗的激情；现实主义作品如《契尔卡什》、《沦落的人们》、《柯诺瓦洛夫》等，描写了人民的苦难生活及他们的崇高品德，表达了他们的激愤与抗争。这
些作品的主人公大多是努力探求新的生活道路、思考生活的意义并充满激烈内心冲突的人物。
1901年他创作了著名的散文诗《海燕之歌》，塑造了象征大智大勇革命者搏风击浪的勇
敢的海燕形象，预告革命风暴即将到来，鼓舞人们去迎接伟大的战斗，这是一篇无产阶级革
命战斗的檄文与颂歌，受到列宁的热情称赞。
1905年革命前夕，高尔基的创作转向了戏剧，1901～1905年，他先后写出了《小市民》、
《底层》、《避暑客》、《太阳的孩子们》和（野蛮人》等剧本。特别是《小市民》、《底
层》展现了现实生活中工人的新形象与新的精神面貌，表现了他们为自己权利而斗争的决心
与乐观情绪，它们的上演，在当时俄国的剧坛上引起了轰动。
1906年高尔基写成长篇小说《母亲》和剧本《敌人》两部最重要的作品——标志着其创
作达到了新的高峰。《母亲》塑造了世界文学史上第一批自觉为社会主义而斗争的无产阶级
革命者的英雄形象，是社会主义现实主义文学的奠基作。列宁肯定了它的现实意义。
1905年革命失败后，高尔基赴美国及意大利写了一系列政论文章，抨击西方资本主义制
度和充斥于思想、文学界的形形色色反动思潮。1908年创作的中篇小说《忏悔》流露出唯心
主义的造神论思想，受到列宁的严肃批评，并得到他的热情帮助。尽管如此，高尔基的主导
倾向仍然是积极的，富于革命的战斗精神。对新的无产阶级文学创作方法的特征从理论上进
行了许多探索，提出现实主义与浪漫主义相结合的观点。他在两次革命之间的创作成果颇丰，
如《奥古洛夫镇》（1909）、《夏天（1909）、《马特维·柯热米亚金的一生》（1910～
1911）、《意大利童话》（1911～1913）、《俄罗斯童话》（1912～1917），以及稍后完成
的自传体长篇小说三部曲的前两部《童年》和《人间》（1913～1916）。
十月革命之后的十年间，高尔基因健康欠佳，仅写了关于列宁及一些作家的独具艺术风
格与重要文献价值的回忆录及自传体三部曲的最后一部《我的大学》（1922～1923）、《阿
尔塔莫诺夫家的事业》（1924～1925）等几部作品。1921年，他遵照列宁忠告，到国外养病。
1931年回国之后，从1925年起着手创作卷帙浩繁的具有史诗气魄的长篇巨著《克里姆·萨姆
金的一生》，这是一部未完成的作品。到1936年他去世前还写了《苏联游记》（1929）《英
雄的故事》和多部剧作《耶戈尔·布雷乔夫等人》（1932）、《托斯契加耶夫等人》(1933)、
《瓦萨·日烈兹诺娃》（1935），以及大量的文艺理论、文学批评和政论文章，对马克思主
义文艺理论和社会主义文化事业做出了重大贡献。
高尔基不仅是伟大的文学家，而且也是杰出的社会活动家。他组织成立了苏联作家协会，
并主持召开了全苏第一次作家代表大会，培养文学新人，积极参加保卫世界和平的事业。
高尔基的作品自1907年就开始介绍到中国。他的优秀文学作品和论著成为全世界无产阶
级的共同财富。

　　(1868~1936) of the former Soviet Union proletarian writer, the founder of socialist realism literature. He was poor, his father died young, 11-year-old is living in the community about when loader, bakeries workers, slum and terminals has become his "community" university classroom. He and working people shared their fate, and personal experience of capitalist exploitation and oppression. This thinking and creative development of his influential.
　　Gorky assiduous self-study and cultural knowledge, and to actively join the revolution, exploring ways to transform the reality of 1892 released maiden work "news Chu Chandra," boarded literary circles, and his early works, a complex on the two styles of realism and romanticism, which he formed before the proletarian world outlook necessarily experienced stage. Romanticism works such as "news Chu Chandra", "Iraq is Gill old" (1895), "Eagle Song" (1895), praising the love of freedom, for the bright and heroic achievements strong personality, and demonstrated the passion for fighting; Realism works such as "Qierqiashen", "having people", "Kenuo CERD", depicting the life and the suffering of the people of noble character who express their indignation and protest. This Most of the leading character of these works is to seek out new life and thinking about the meaning of life and full of intense inner conflict figures. In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise.
　　In 1901 he created the famous Sanwenshi "Swallow Song," a symbol of danger revolutionaries give shape wind strike wave of courage Swallow to the image of revolutionary turmoil upcoming notice, and encourage people to the great fighting is a proletarian r The official denunciation of the enemy's fighting with carol by Lenin warm praise. On the eve of the revolution in 1905, Gorky creative to the drama, 1901~1905 years, he has written the "ordinary people", The "bottom", "summer visitors", "sun children," and (barbarians "and other scripts. Especially the "public" and "end - "demonstrates real life workers with the new image of the new mental outlook, demonstrated their determination to fight for their rights And optimism, their staged in the Russian composers, raises sensational.
　　Gorky from 1906 novel "Mother" and the script "enemy" two most important works -- marks its Chong Reached a new peak. "mother" mold first in the history of the world literature consciously proletarian struggle for socialism Revolutionary hero image, socialist realism is the foundation for literature. Lenin affirmed its relevance. 1905 revolution failed, the United States and Italy Gorky wrote a series of political comment articles from the Western capitalist system Degrees and are in ideology, the various literary reactionary ideologies. 1908 creation novella "repent" revealed idealist God creates, the theory of thinking, serious criticism by Lenin, and the enthusiasm to help him. Nevertheless, the dominant Gorky Tendency remains positive, which is filled with a revolutionary fighting spirit. Creation of new methods of proletarian literature from the theoretical into the OK explore the many proposed combination of realism and romanticism perspective. In between his two creative revolution has yielded fruitful results. Such as "Ms. Love town" (1909), "summer (1909)," Liu Jin Wu Ke hot life "(1910~ 1911), "Italian Tales" (1911~1913), "Russia's" (1912~1917), and later completed The administration of the former two bodies novel trilogy "childhood" and "human" (1913~1916).
　　October Revolution after 10 years, because of poor health Gorky, Lenin and some only write on the unique artistic style writer Georgia and the value of important documents and memoirs of a self body of the final trilogy "My University" (1922~1923), "a Orta Rakhmonov's cause "(1924~1925) several films. 1921, he followed Lenin advice abroad to rest and recuperate. After returning in 1931 from 1925 onwards to create interesting Haofan so long discussions with the epic "Mr. Sum The life, "This is a unfinished works. He died in 1936 before he also wrote the "Soviet travel notes" (1929) "English - Story, "and number of peoples playwriting" Yegeer Buleiqiaofu and others "(1932)," Tuosixie Presse, and others "(1933), "Wasa Japan emergence Javier Nova" (1935), as well as a large number of literary and art theory, literary criticism and political comment article on the Marx Of artistic theory and socialist cultural undertakings made a significant contribution.
　　Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding community activist. He had set up the Soviet Writers Association, And presided over a congress of the Soviet Union the first writer, a literary newcomers to participate actively in the defence of the cause of world peace. Gorky's works since 1907 began introducing to China. His outstanding literary works and books bands in the world-off Class common wealth.

　　(长了一些,如果觉得太长,再删吧!!)

Writer's card——Gorky let the storm come more violently! Gorky in his prose poetry, prose poem "song of the petrel" Compare the revolution to a stormy petrel. In fact, Gorky is a brave person Haiyan, but also actively involved in the limitless pick-up Revolutionary struggle, and the creation of a large number of works such as rain mother, childhood, in the human world to match the revolution. He was also With the children created the "Italian fairy tale", are fairy tales and other works.

Pre-imperial Russian nationalism
In early 17th century Russia was conquered and occupied by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a period known as the Time of Troubles. Russian national uprising, led by prince Dmitry Pozharsky, drove Poles away. Nevertheless, the Time of Troubles heavily affected Russian society for the next century, making both rulers and common people conservative and hostile to foreign influence and non-Orthodox beliefs. The new Romanov dynasty continued styling themselves "Tsars of All the Russias", and eventually, by conquest or union, they actually gathered most of the territory of Kievan Rus.

Imperial Russian nationalism
Nineteenth century Romantic nationalism inspired folk revival in Russian art, such as by Victor VasnetsovPeter I's reforms brought westernisation to Russia, and throughout the whole 18th century any Russian national sentiment, such as national costume, hairstyle, was unpopular and even discouraged in the Russian nobility class. For example, wearing a beard under Peter I was a subject to fine. The nobility preferred to speak French rather than Russian even in private until the mid-19th century.
The 19th century saw the revival in Russian nationalism. A formula of Russian motto, saying "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" was coined by Count Sergey Uvarov and adopted by Emperor Nicholas I as official doctrine.
Two results of Russian nationalism arose in early 20th century: chauvinism and anti-semitism. Lynching of the Jews - pogroms - became quite regular under Nicholas II. They were inspired by blood libels and carried out by marginal groups like The Black Hundred and Union of the Russian People. Their motto was 'Russia for Russians'. Those parties remained monarchist and anti-semitic; they were organized by wealthy and powerful aristocrats such as Vladimir Purishkevich and Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov and enjoyed a lack of oversight by the Imperial authorities.

Nationalism in the Soviet Union
A Soviet WW II poster making parallels with medieval Russian victory in the Battle of the IceThe newborn communist republic under Vladimir Lenin proclaimed internationalism as its official ideology. Russian nationalism was officially discouraged, as were any remnants of Imperial patriotism, such as wearing military awards received before Civil War. Politics of nativization was installed instead, that propagated culture and languages of Soviet ethnic minorities. Still, the 1930s inspired a wave of romantic nationalist art, most notably, historical epic films by Sergei Eizenshtein, such as Alexander Nevsky. Moreover, the creation of the international Communist empire under control of the Soviet Union was perceived by many as accomplishment of Russian nationalistic dreams.

Modern Russian Nationalism See also: Racism in Russia
With the fall of Soviet Union, Russian Orthodox Church restored much of its pre-revolution influence on the society. The church became a common source of Russian pride and nationalism. Yet the official ideology did not turn completely to Imperial monarchist sentiment, but rather tried to maintain a balance between Soviet and Imperial ideals. The ruling United Russia party insists its view of Russia is a multi-national republic and calls national tolerance one of its key platforms. In modern Russian media, the term "nationalist" is often used with negative connotation to describe far-right nationalists and neo-fascists, rather than in the word's original meaning.
Nevertheless, many nationalist movements, both radical and moderate, arose in modern Russia. One of the oldest and most popular is Vladimir Zhirinovsky's right-wing populist party LDPR, which had been a member of the State Duma since its very creation in 1993. Rodina was a popular moderate left-wing nationalist party under Dmitry Rogozin, which eventually abandoned nationalist ideology and merged with the larger socialist party Fair Russia.

民族主义的概念在俄罗斯的生活在过去和现在起到了什么作用？
请老师参考酥连电影。
PLEASE TICHAI LOOK ELS MOVIE !

it plays an important role in the life of Russia in the past and present
please give me the best.

不知道同学你认不认识，“play the role in” 这个短语，这个短语的意思是，在某方面扮演什么角色，或处于什么位置，起到什么作用

我们不要看成是一句问句，就看成一句陈述句，同学你看，这个句子，是什么“play the role in"当然是the concept of nationalism。所以这个就是主语（subject)，那么，顺理成章，"play the role in"也就是动词短语,那么动词短语后面接着一个就是"play the role in " 这个 “in"的对象，“the life of Russia in the past and present”。因此，一个句子先找动词，同学你说动词是什么？对了，就是play the role in ，那么，动词前面就是主语，主语是什么？当然是 The concept of nationalism，那么，动词的对象是什么？是，the life of Russia in the past and present,所以，同学，改成陈述句，就是，主语：The concept of nationalism+动词短语：has(表示过去） played the role in +in 的对象the life of Russia in the past and present。

那么，陈述句改疑问句，就在句子前加what,把动词提前，所以就是你提问的句子啦

俄罗斯的民主主义概念过去与现在在它生活中扮演着什么样的角色？

什么样的角色扮演的概念在民族主义的生活在过去的和现在的俄罗斯吗?
有道词典的翻译

　　人们所熟悉的周恩来总理，或者温文尔雅、和蔼可亲；或者威严冷峻、坚定顽强。然而，“重冰覆盖下的一座火山”还不是全部的周恩来。在我跟随他的几十年中，深深感动我的还有另一个公开场合所不易见到的周恩来，这就是至情至性奔放不羁的周恩来。

　　第一次是1942年7月，在重庆市红岩嘴发生一件意外的事，就是周老太爷突然中风了。

　　周老太爷就是周恩来的父亲周助纲，我们工作人员都按那时的社会风俗称他周老太爷，邓颖超大姐叫他老爷子。因为周恩来和邓颖超在重庆住的时间长，相对比较稳定，所以周恩来的父亲和邓颖超的母亲都先后来到重庆。

　　周恩来的父亲与邓颖超的母亲是风格气质不同又一样受人尊重的老人。邓母主要穿旗袍，个子比邓颖超稍高一些，有文化修养，有大家风度，用当时的标准衡量是比较现代派的。周老太爷与他的儿子周恩来身高差不多，但气质上显老派，常穿夏布或黑绸的长袍，老实、忠厚、胆小。

　　南方局在重庆的公开活动阵地，主要是红岩嘴、曾家岩和新华日报社。

　　曾家岩50号在城里，是一幢三层小楼，对外称“周公馆”。周恩来住这里时间并不多，因为它离国民党首脑机关所在的上清寺地区太近，周围环境相当复杂，无论去哪里，都须经过一条通向崖边的马路，而路旁一所白色砖墙的三层小楼，就是国民党军统特务头子戴笠的住宅。“周公馆”进出之人，都要在特务头子眼前曝曝光。为了安全起见，周恩来住红岩嘴，只有在城里办公办得太晚时，才在曾家岩50号休息。

　　红岩嘴是18集团军驻重庆办事处所在地，距市中心区约5公里，有一片不小的山地，是个果园农场，由南方局和办事处的人员自己动手盖起来的一所三层楼房。周老太爷来重庆后，大家看他老实忠厚，怕他出门被国民党特务骗走，安排他住在了红岩嘴。

　　这里四周住户少，相对比较安全。

　　周老太爷身体本来挺好，气色也不错，属于那种不生事不惹非，安分过日子的人。除了喜欢喝点酒，没有其他嗜好也没什么事要操心。我们照顾他也只是关照他少喝酒，少出去走。没想到会闹什么病。

　　1942年6月底的一天，董必武、邓颖超、钱之光等人都聚在周恩来的房间里等车。南方局、新华社、18集团军驻重庆办事处共用一辆车，平时主要是接送秘密客人和送急病号使用，司机段廷英任劳任怨是个很好的同志。今天就是等他开车来送周恩来住院作手术。初步诊断，周恩来患的是膀胱脓肿。

　　等车的工夫，大家聊些闲天，正在讲话的是董必武。董老说话慢条斯理，但是很幽默。他早晨挤公共汽车碰上了张国焘。本来钱之光劝他不要坐公共汽车，小段忙不过来可以雇个马车坐。那时周恩来和董必武常坐马车，雇来很方便，比现在某些城市叫出租车还便当。

　　董必武说：“挤公共汽车有什么？你看参政会那个张国焘，他不是照样没汽车，也跟大家一起挤公共汽车吗？我今天又撞上他了。”

　　邓颖超说：“国民党也用完他了，他也没搞出啥名堂。”

　　钱之光撇撇嘴：“当个特务，混个参政员，连个小车也没混上。”

　　当时，董必武、邓颖超等七位同志为中共的参政员，开参政会常碰到张国焘，虽然也点个头算是打招呼，但张国焘自觉无颜，常常很尴尬。

　　“在陕甘宁边区叫他当个副主席，他嫌小不肯干，”董必武抹抹两撇胡子，晒笑道，“他来重庆当主任，他这个主任没汽车，雇马车也发生经济困难……”

　　“这就是叛徒的下场，就值那么个价儿。”我在门口插一句，听到了我们的汽车声，“周副主席，车来了，走吧”

　　周恩来住进了歌乐山中央医院。经过住院进一步检查，决定动手术。情况报到延安，毛泽东主席给董必武打来了电报：“恩来须静养，不痊愈不应出院，痊愈出院后亦须节劳多休息，请你加以注意。”

　　董老当然很注意，他与邓颖超、钱之光等天天轮替着到医院看望周恩来。可是就在这时，周老太爷突然中风，那时的医疗技术不行，送医院没抢救过来，很快就死了。

　　一个难题马上摆在了董必武、邓颖超等人面前：要不要把这一消息告诉周恩来？如果告诉，周恩来刀口未痊愈，他又是孝子，又是中华民族敬老传统的典范，大悲大痛不利于身体且不说，还肯定会跑出医院奔丧……

　　“我看暂时不能告诉周公。”董必武拿主意说，“大前年他去绍兴省亲，见了族长三鞠躬，见了姑丈推至上座执晚辈礼，不敢以政治部副部长自居。现在父亲去世，他必然不肯再留医院。”

　　“先不要告诉他了，这边的丧事我们先办着。”邓颖超同意董必武的意见，“天气太热，尸体不好保留，先坚持几天看看，到时候看周公身体恢复情况再决定。”

　　于是，周老太爷去世的消息就瞒了周恩来。

　　然而，周恩来的目光何等敏锐，心思何等细密？瞒一天可以，瞒两天就被他察出异常了。当时我在医院照顾他，傍晚时，他忽然问：“董必武怎么两天不露面？”

　　“可能忙吧？”我含糊道，“南方局可能有事？”

　　“滑稽。”周恩来不满或生气时喜欢说这两个字。我能感觉到他那锐利的目光正在我脸孔上扫瞄，故意装着清理卫生，有事没事也要干点事。可是，周恩来叫住我：“你不要乱找事了。我问你，家里是不是出事了？”

　　我心里咯噔一下，周恩来太厉害了，他怎么一下子就猜想到是家里出事了？

　　“没听说什么事呀。”我努力镇定自己，“南方局……”

　　“你不要南方局，南方局。”周恩来真火了，“南方局越有事他们越往我这里跑得勤，怎么会不露面？滑稽！”

　　我一怔，被噎住了。可不是吗？越有大事急事，董必武他们越来得勤，甚至几个人一起来，请示商量。南委组织部长被捕叛变，带领特务破坏了广西省工委，董必武和邓颖超就是当即赶到周恩来这里，马上商量决定将受到威胁的湖南省委书记高文华调回重庆。如果又发生了什么大事，怎么可能不露面呢？

　　“他们研究什么事，也不会告诉我呀。”我终于找出一条理由。周恩来用狐疑的眼光最后打量我一遍，挥挥手不再说什么。他显然不信我讲的话，但也不好再逼我。不该知道的不要问，不该说的不能说，这是他严格遵循并且严格要求我们必须作到的原则和纪律。

　　第3天，吴克坚来了。他问候周恩来也罢，汇报一般情况也罢，周恩来都不作声，两眼就那么望着吴克坚，目光严肃、真诚、认真。吴克坚再有城府再有水平也承受不起周恩来的目光，越来越不自然，脸上的肌肉全僵硬了，笑不像笑，哭不像哭地，勉强问一声：“周副主席有什么指示？”他似乎急于想溜，舌尖在干燥的嘴唇上舔过一下，很快又接一句：“要是没什么事我就回去了。”
　　“家里是不是出事了？”周恩来劈头问了这么一句。

　　“没、没什么……”吴克坚僵笑着耸起肩膀，摊开两手。

　　“要是不能说，你就不要讲话。”周恩来突然严厉起来。他平时和蔼可亲，所以稍露严厉，分量就十分重。“但是不许说假话！我再问一遍，家里是不是出事了？”

　　吴克坚嘴唇翕动一下，没作声。

　　沉默中，周恩来点点头，声音转柔和：“这就对了，你回去吧。”

　　吴克坚刚走，周恩来就要下床：“小何，我马上出院。”

　　“哎呀，”我忙上去拦挡，“不行，刚拆线，你伤口还没愈合好……”

　　“你不要讲了，我一定要出去。 ”

　　我明白，事情到这一步，谁也拦不住了。只好退一步说：“那也得办出院手续，要车来接啊。周副主席，我现在就去联系，你先躺下歇歇……”

　　靠这个办法，才拦住周恩来没有当下走。办过手续，向董必武联系后，大家都知道拦不住了，第二天一早就来车接周恩来回红岩嘴。

　　下车时，周恩来已经感觉到气氛不对，脸色变得苍白，也不多话，匆匆奔向办公室。他过去走路快，但现在刀口没全长好，这样的急步令人担心。我想追上去挽扶，被他甩开了，一溜小跑似地进了办公室。

　　邓颖超听到响动，正迎出来，周恩来已经抢先一步跨入办公室，一眼看到邓颖超臂上的黑纱，猛地停下步，恰似面前突然横出一道万丈深渊，仿佛再走一步就会坠入黑沉沉的渊底。

　　我在心里叫着：周副主席，你要节哀，要注意身体啊。但我一句也说不出口。皖南事变时我见过他哭，但这一次的哭与那一次不同。究竞不同在哪里？我一时还说不准……

　　蓦地，意想不到的事情发生了。

　　“呜――”我听到一声长长的凄哀的号哭，周恩来的手捂到脸上，仿佛流泪已经无法减轻内心尖锐的痛楚，他终于松开喉咙，大放悲声，并且一屁股坐倒在地上。

　　在场的人，有的惊愕，有的慌张失措，有的难过地跟着一起掉泪。我也流泪了，因为我终于听出这一次的哭声与以往的不同。这是大忠大孝的哭声，带着我们民族的浓厚气息，带着传统和伦理道德的力量，凝聚了五千年文明的气势，猛烈地进发而出。这哭声使我心灵震颤，生出一种悲壮的轰轰烈烈之感；望着痛哭失声的周恩来，我忽然对我们的民族，对我们的党，对我

　　邓颖超大姐和几位同志趋前劝慰，扶住周恩来不让他躺倒在地。周恩来坐在地上，两只脚前后倒动，突然地抬起头来。悲痛、怨懑、懊悔、愤怒在刹那间爆发出来，泪飞如雨，斥声似火：

　　“你们没爹啊？你们怎么能这么做？啊，呜呜，他是我父亲！”哭声斥责声此起彼伏，连续不断：“我父亲死了你们封锁我，马克思主义也没说不要爹！马克思主义也不能说亲生的父母都不要了，呜呜……”

　　邓颖超不敢再劝，也劝不了，赶紧叫来董必武。董必武不安地上前说：“恩来同志，我们本意……”

　　“你没有爹啊？”周恩来痛哭失声：“呜吗……你们搞封锁，我父亲死三天你们不通知我一声，他是我父亲！呜呜，不敬父母，不忠不孝，那算什么共产党员？啊！”

　　“恩来同志，唉，大家是为了你的身体。”董必武弯着腰，俯身小声解释：“大家怕影响你的伤口啊……”

　　“我也不是你们通知我，我就活不了啦！呜呜，他是我父亲，没有父亲有我吗？这是人之常情么……”

　　“大家也是好心，”董必武难过地摇摇头，“我们考虑不周。恩来呀，你就不要上火了。”

　　周恩来抹着眼泪，抬起头：“国民党本来就攻击我们没人情，不尊祖上，六亲不认，你们还敢封锁我。整整封锁我3天！”

　　“我们考虑不周，都是我们考虑不周。”董必武连连自责，周恩来的哭声减弱一些。董必武趁机进一步解释：“恩来呀，决定你动手术，主席很关心，专门给我们打来电报，你看么，‘恩来须静养，不痊愈不应出院，痊愈出院后亦须节劳多休息，请你加以注意。’电报打给我，叫我加以注意，我得完成主席的嘱托啊，不能不考虑你的身体情况啊。主席说不痊愈不应出院，我怎么办？我也难哪，考虑来考虑去，现在看来考虑得还是不周到。事情已经这样了，还请你原谅。主席还嘱托‘出院亦须节劳多休息’，叫我加以注意。恩来同志，节哀吧，注意身体，这是主席的要求和嘱托，也是大家的希望……”

　　周恩来流着泪看过毛泽东的电报，在董必武的劝说下渐渐止住痛哭，依然流着泪问：“我父亲的遗体呢？”

　　“保留着。”董必武赶紧点头，“天气太热，弄冰困难，我们在山上搭了个棚子，遗体停放在山上。”

　　周恩来从地上站起身，一边擦泪，一边走到桌前，拿笔拿纸，略想想，泪水又涌得多流得急了。他用衣袖用力擦一下泪，开始挥笔疾书，嘴唇紧闭，受到极大委屈似地嘟着，很快写下几行大字，交我说：“马上给主席发电。”

　　我送电文时，看了那内容。显然，周恩来的悲痛还需要排遣。他不好继续对大家发火，也不想再多批评，毛泽东主席便成了他唯一能诉说委屈和悲痛的人。

　　“主席，归后始知我父已病故三日，悲痛之极，抱恨终天。当于次日安葬。”

　　电文发出，很快便接到毛泽东的复电慰问：

　　“尊翁逝世，政治局同人均深致哀悼，尚望节哀。重病新愈，望多休息，并注意以后在工作中节劳为盼。”

　　周恩来当天即拖着未曾痊愈的病体，上山为父亲守灵。他戴着黑纱，迈着沉重的步子登上山，南方局和18集团军驻京办事处的许多同志跟随在后。来到停尸的席棚前，周恩来立住脚，深探地三鞠躬，而后默哀。

　　尸体盖着白布，四周围熏着香火和艾篙，因为天热，用冰极困难，所以用了这种土法来护尸驱味。
　　周恩来走到尸体前，自己揭开白布，最后瞻仰了父亲的遗容，再次三鞠躬，然后就在灵前坐下来。没人能劝他回去休息，也没人敢劝他离开。他守灵一夜，第二天仍然不肯回去稍息，一直守到下午起灵。

　　工作人员用担架将尸体抬下山，放在马车上，送往小龙坎。我们在那里买了块墓地，办事处的人死了都埋在那里，周恩来的父亲，邓颖超的母亲以及毛主席在重庆谈判期间被国民党兵打死的李少石同志等20多人，先后都葬在了那里。

　　周老太爷落葬时，周恩来填了第一锹土，然后大家才开始帮忙填土。堆起坟后，又是周恩来堆最后一锹土，仔细将坟头拍实修理整齐。

　　周恩来在墓前向父亲默哀，向父亲深深地鞠躬，鞠躬，再鞠躬。他那泪花迷离的两眼中，流出深深的忆念和哀痛…

　　使我心灵震颤的周恩来的第二次痛哭，发生在1946年的4月8日。

　　送走王若飞、博古、叶挺、邓发等同志后；我跟随周恩来回到上清寺他的办公室。 当时我们中共代表团已经搬到了上清寺，这也是为了国共和谈的方便。

　　露得更多几分。于是，周恩来那种不宁静的表现便被驱除了，恢复了惯有的从容镇定，指着腕上的手表说：“还不到，也快了。你就不要走了，我们一起等电报。”

　　特别是在总理身边工作过的同志，在总理昏迷时可以被允许进来默默看一看。出门后，好几个放声大哭，一头昏倒在地。不是亲身经历过来的人，是难以理解那种情，那种痛。

　　然而，我们的总理始终没流一滴泪，直至默默无声地离开这个世界……

1898年3月5日生，字翔宇。小名，大鸾。曾用名飞飞、伍豪、少山、冠生等。原籍浙江绍兴，生于江苏淮安。
1913年进天津南开中学学习。
1917年留学日本。
1919年回国。在天津参加五四运动，组织觉悟社，从事反帝、反封建的革命活动。
1920年至1924年先后去法国和德国勤工俭学，在旅欧的中国学生和工人中宣传马克思主义，发起组织旅欧中国少年共产党（后改称旅欧中国社会主义青年团）。
1922年转入中国共产党（由张申府等人介绍），任中国社会主义青年团旅欧总支部书记，并参加中共旅欧总支部的领导工作，对早期的建党、建团工作起了重大的作用。
1924年8月从巴黎回国，曾任黄埔军校政治部主任，国民革命军第一军政治部主任，中共两广区委委员长、常委兼军事部部长，主持建立党直接领导的革命武装叶挺独立团。
1925年2月、10月，领导进行了第一、二次东征，为巩固和发展广东革命根据地和进行北伐作出了重大贡献。
1926年曾在广州农民运动讲习所讲授军事课程，同年冬到上海，任中共中央军委书记兼中共江浙区委军委书记。
1927年3月领导上海工人第三次武装起义获得胜利；8月领导了南昌起义，向国民党反动派打响了第一枪，为创建人民军队作出了重要贡献，在起义中任中共前敌委员会书记。同月在中共“八七”会议上，当选为中央政治局候补委员。
1928年出席党的六大，在会上作了关于军事问题和组织问题的报告。后在上海坚持地下工作，任中共中央组织部长、中央军委书记，曾发表《坚决肃清党内一切非无产阶级的意识》和《中共中央给红军第四军前委的指示信》。
1931年12月进入中央革命根据地后，任中共苏区中央局书记，中国工农红军总政委兼第一方面军政委，中央革命军事委员会副主席。
1933年春和朱德一起领导和指挥了第四次反“围剿”战争，取得了重大的胜利。
1935年1月在遵义会议上，坚决支持毛泽东的正确路线，为确立毛泽东在全党的领导地位，起了十分重要的作用。在遵义会议后，仍任中央革命军事委员会副主席，并任中央三人军事指挥小组成员。
1936年12月任中共全权代表去西安同被逮捕的蒋介石进行谈判，和平解决了西安事变。抗日战争时期，任中共中央代表和南方局书记，并任国民党政府军事委员会政治部副部长，长期在驻国民党政府所在地武汉、重庆进行党的工作和统一战线工作。
1945年8月和毛泽东去重庆，同国民党进行谈判斗争，《双十协定》签订后，率中共代表团留在重庆和南京。
1946年11月从南京返回延安。
1947年3月国民党军队重点进攻陕甘宁边区时转战在陕北，同年8月任中央军委副主席兼代理中央军委总参谋长。
1948年9月，参加领导和指挥了辽沈、平津、淮海三大战役，同年11月任中央军委副主席兼总参谋长，为推翻国民党的反动统治、武装夺取政权、创建社会主义新中国，建立了不朽的功绩。
建国后，历任政府总理、外交部长（兼任）、中共中央军委副主席，第一届全国政协副主席，第二、三届主席。是中共五届中央委员，中共六至十届中央政治局委员，中共六届、七届中央书记处书记，中共八至十届中央政治局常委，中共八届、十届中央委员会副主席，一至四届全国人大代表。
在担负处理党和国家日常事务的同时，和毛泽东一起制定了党的社会主义建设的路线、方针、政策；几个发展国民经济的五年计划都是他亲自主持制订和组织实施的。1960年提出调整、巩固、充实、提高的方针，并采取一系列措施，使国民经济顺利地得到恢复和发展。还提出了中国知识分子绝大多数已经是劳动人民的知识分子，科学技术在中国现代化建设中具有关键性作用等观点，对社会主义建设都有重大意义。在国际事务中，参与制定并亲自执行了重大的外交决策，提出了外交工作中一系列具体的方针和政策，创造性地贯彻执行了党的革命外交路线。1954年，倡导了著名的和平共处五项原则。1955年4月，率中国代表团出席第一次亚非会议，使会议通过了以和平共处五项原则为基础的万隆会议十项原则。1961年，出席苏共二十二大，对赫鲁晓夫集团分裂国际共产主义运动的行为，进行了坚决斗争。在“文革”中，顾全大局，任劳任怨，为继续进行党和国家的的正常工作，尽量减少损失，为保护大批的党内外干部，费尽心血，并同林彪、江青反革命集团的阴谋进行了各种形式的斗争。在第四届全国人民代表大会上代表党提出：在本世纪内，全面实现农业、工业、国防和科学技术现代化，使我国国民经济走在世界前列的宏伟规划。1972年患病以后，一直坚持工作。
1976年1月8日在北京逝世，终年77岁。

Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai), the son of wealthy parents, was born in Jiangsu, China, in 1898. He was educated in a missionary college in Tianjin before studying at a university in Japan. He moved to France in 1920 where he helped to form the overseas branch of the Chinese Communist Party. He also lived in Britain and Germany before returning to China in 1924.

As members of the Communist Party Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai adapted the ideas of Lenin who had successfully achieved a revolution in Russia in 1917. They argued that in Asia it was important to concentrate on the countryside rather than the towns, in order to create a revolutionary elite.

Zhou Enlai also worked closely with the Kuomintang and was appointed deputy director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy. With the help of advisers from the Soviet Union the Kuomintang gradually increased its power in China. Its leader, Sun Yat-sen died on 12th March 1925. Chiang Kai-Shek emerged as the most important figure in the organization. He now carried out a purge that eliminated the communists from the organization. Those communists who survived managed to established the Jiangxi Soviet.

The nationalists now imposed a blockade and Mao Zedong decided to evacuate the area and establish a new stronghold in the north-west of China. In October 1934 Mao, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao, Zhu De, and some 100,000 men and their dependents headed west through mountainous areas.

The marchers experienced terrible hardships. The most notable passages included the crossing of the suspension bridge over a deep gorge at Luting (May, 1935), travelling over the Tahsueh Shan mountains (August, 1935) and the swampland of Sikang (September, 1935).

The marchers covered about fifty miles a day and reached Shensi on 20th October 1935. It is estimated that only around 30,000 survived the 8,000-mile Long March.

When the Japanese Army invaded the heartland of China in 1937, Chiang Kai-Shek was forced to move his capital from Nanking to Chungking. He lost control of the coastal regions and most of the major cities to Japan. In an effort to beat the Japanese he agreed to collaborate with Mao Zedong and his communist army.

During the Second World War the communist guerrilla forces were well led by Zhu De and Lin Biao. As soon as the Japanese surrendered, Communist forces began a war against the Nationalists led by Chaing Kai-Shek. The communists gradually gained control of the country and on 1st October, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the establishment of People's Republic of China.

Zhou Enlai became prime minister and foreign minister. In 1954 he headed the Chinese delegation to the Geneva Conference. The following year he advocated Third World unity at the Bandung Conference.

As a result of the failure on the Great Leap Forward, Mao retired from the post of chairman of the People's Republic of China. His place as head of state was taken by Liu Shaoqi. Mao remained important in determining overall policy. In the early 1960s Mao became highly critical of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. He was for example appalled by the way Nikita Khrushchev backed down over the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Mao Zedong became openly involved in politics in 1966 when with Lin Biao he initiated the Cultural Revolution. On 3rd September, 1966, Lin Biao made a speech where he urged pupils in schools and colleges to criticize those party officials who had been influenced by the ideas of Nikita Khrushchev.

Mao was concerned by those party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, who favoured the introduction of piecework, greater wage differentials and measures that sought to undermine collective farms and factories. In an attempt to dislodge those in power who favoured the Soviet model of communism, Mao galvanized students and young workers as his Red Guards to attack revisionists in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a privileged class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev.

Zhou Enlai at first gave his support to the campaign but became concerned when fighting broke out between the Red Guards and the revisionists. In order to achieve peace at the end of 1966 he called for an end to these attacks on party officials. Mao remained in control of the Cultural Revolution and with the support of the army was able to oust the revisionists.

Although he continued to be attacked by the Red Guards Zhou Enlai survived in power and was the main architect of the Détente policy with the United States and met Richard Nixon in China in February 1972. Zhou Enlai died in Beijing on 8th January 1976.

hao

在锦绣山纪念宫，有时称为金日成陵墓，是一家大型建筑位于东北平壤市中心，首都人民民主的大韩民国（北韩） 。宫宣称已在前官邸和办公室北韩的主席和创始人， "伟大领袖"金日成的。以下金正日的死在1994年，说是他的儿子和接班人，金正日曾建筑物整修，并转化父亲的最后安息。深处大皇宫，伟大领袖的遗体是在可视范围内的国有一个清晰的石棺。宫殿坐落在一个偏僻的地区和平壤只是方便外国人官方旅行团。它门前的一个大广场和相邻的是其北部和东部双方护城河。随着主体思想塔，拱形的凯旋，金日成广场，并亲切宏伟的纪念碑，锦绣山纪念宫，是一个最重要的里程碑，在平壤和最神圣的地点全部朝鲜。北韩是一个只有四个国家在世界上房子经过防腐处理的尸体，其创始领导人在一个陵园。其他3名领导人也经过防腐处理，在各自陵园（全都是/还共产主义）是列宁在莫斯科，俄罗斯（前苏联） ，胡志明在河内，越南社会主义共和国，毛泽东在北京，中华人民共和国