英诗韵脚到底是abab abab 还是abab cdcd 就是下一诗节开始要不要换字母

发布时间: 2021-07-01 12:59:03 来源: 励志妙语 栏目: 散文 点击: 98

英文诗的格式有哪些英文诗一共几种格式阿?都哪些?谢谢!英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至仅句。为使英语学习者了解英诗,特拟此...

英诗韵脚到底是abab  abab  还是abab cdcd 就是下一诗节开始要不要换字母

英文诗的格式有哪些

英文诗一共几种格式阿?都哪些?谢谢!
英诗浩瀚,篇幅长短不一,长至成集,短至仅句。为使英语学习者了解英诗,特拟此文,从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏:诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。

诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。(有关修辞手法可参考相关书籍)。

一、 诗的格律

“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬(重),在音节上用“-”或“ˊ”标示,非重读音节为抑(轻),在音节上用“)”标示,音步之间可用“/”隔开。以下是五种常见格式:

1. 抑扬格(轻重格)Iambus:是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

So deep / in luve / am I :

And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose

注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go

上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:)-/)-/)-/()-)

2.扬抑格(重轻格)Trochee:每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-)/-)/-)/-

Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night

William Blake: The Tyger

3. 抑抑扬格(轻轻重格)Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音步抑抑扬格))-/))-/))-

Like a child / from the womb,

Like a ghost / from the tomb,

I arise / and unbuild / it again.

4. 扬抑抑格(重轻轻格)Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-))/-))

ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,

ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.

-- Thomas Hood

5. 抑扬抑格(轻重轻格)Amphibrach:每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格)-)/)-)/)-)

下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.

在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。

二、 诗的押韵

押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。

1. 尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。

1) 联韵:aabb型。

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth, I knew not where;

For, so swiftly it flew, the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song

2) 交叉韵:abab型。

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea,

Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar

3) 同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。

如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

The woods are lovely, dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.

Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

2. 头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner

3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。

下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。

Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;

Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring

三、 诗的体式

有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头);有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有:

1. 十四行诗 (Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。

后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬

格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund

Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William

Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。举

例见本文第四部分。

2. 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

1) There was a young lady of Nigger

Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;

They returned from the ride

With the lady inside,

And the smile on the face of the tiger.

2) A tutor who taught on the flute

Tried to teach two tooters to toot,

“Is it harder to toot, or

Said the two to the tutor,

To tutor two tooters to toot?”

3. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。

Across the watery bale , and shout again,

Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals,

And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.

Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild

Of jocund din!…

William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy

4. 自由诗(Free Verse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。

四、 诗的评判

对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗。

二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。

1. That Time of Year

That time of year thou may’st in me behold

When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang

Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,

Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,

In me thou see’st the twilight of such day

As after sunset fadeth in the west,

When by and by black night doth take away,

Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.

In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,

That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.

As the deathbed whereon it must expire,

Consumed with that which it was nourished by.

This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,

To love that well which thou must leave ere long.

Notes:may’st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:see

fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬

thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long

此诗是莎士比亚(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。

此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为:)-/)-/)-/)-/)-/。

全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行:通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没;自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌坛),deathbed(灵床)使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行:点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。

2. The Daffodils

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o’er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the Milky Way,

They stretched in never-ending line

Along the margin of a bay:

Ten thousand saw I at a glance,

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they

Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:

A poet could not but be gay,

In such a jocund company:

I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought

What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.

Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy

jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful

华兹华斯(William Wordsworth,1770-1850),十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”(浪漫主义)之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花(1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国),在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。

全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节(stanza),每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc。

第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态;第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常;第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来。

3. Song of Myself

I celebrate myself, and sing myself,

And what I assume you shall assume,

For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.

I loafe and invite my soul,

I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air,

Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,

I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,

Hoping to cease not till death.

Creeds and schools in abeyance,

Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.

I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.

Nature without check with original energy.

Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说,流派 hazard:chance

abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time

惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著<<草叶集>>。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。

文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。

从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
英文诗歌也有节奏。英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”(foot),最常见的音步类型有以下四种:
(一) 抑扬格(二)扬抑格(三) 抑抑扬格(四) 扬抑抑格英文诗歌中的音步类型有十几种之多,常见者即此四种,第一种则最常见。此外诗句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现。
需要说明的是,这些音步类型只是理论上的分析,实际上,一首诗仅用一种音步类型写,这种情况极少见,大多是以某一种为主,同时穿插其他类型。如果一首诗只含有一种音步,就会显得非常单调机械。一首诗只要是以某种类型为主的,尽管有其他类型穿插其中,也称此诗为某某格。如,以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的,就称此诗为抑扬格诗。现代兴起的一些自由诗(FREE VERSE),不受这些格律的限制。
这里有答案
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/12475698.html
Haiku
Prose
A poem starts with a thought, an idea, or an emotion felt from the heart. Poems can be happy, or sad, deep-thinking or off the wall, humorous, or even maudlin. The choice is up to you and your imagination as to what you will create.

The only other tools you will need is paper and a pencil. You might keep a rhyming dictionary on hand, along with a thesaurus and a regular dictionary to help you out.

Your first step is to write down that idea or thought that you have and want to turn into a poem. Next, we are going to turn that thought into a free verse poem. There are two different types of poems, and they are structured and free verse. One example of a structured poem is a limerick. Free verse is much easier to write as there are no steadfast rules to writing them. Some free verse doesn't even have any rhymes or meters to them. Meter is defined as a rhythm in verses, or a pattern of syllables.

So, now, rewrite your thoughts into lines. Don't worry about spelling or punctuation at this point in time, just change your thoughts to lines. Don't worry about how long or short each line is either. Now is the time to look at your lines and remember that the poem should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, just like a story, a book, and a movie has. You may need to add more information in order to turn your thoughts into a start, a middle, and a finish. Keep in mind that these parts need not be "written in stone", so to speak. The words of a poem are pliable while they are in the creation stages. They are to be molded and changed until you find the exactly right words you need to complete a line or stanza.

Reread your poem several times and listen to the words and to the rhythm of each line. Now is the time to shorten or lengthen each line in order to create a smooth-sounding poem. Even though it is a free verse poem, you can choose to make each line rhyme with the next line if you want to. If you do, you can use the rhyming dictionary to aid you in finding the appropriate words.

Now go back and reread your poem again. Check for proper punctuation as well as for the proper spelling of each word. Think up an appropriate title for your poem. It would be a good idea to set your poem aside for awhile and then return to it later. Then, reread it again with a fresh mind and make any necessary changes.

If you decide to continue writing poetry, it would be a good idea to investigate some books about creating poetry, and to attend some local workshops. Check out the available recources on the Internet as well as what is available at your local public library.

英文诗中韵律,韵脚,格律,音步的解释

  要了解它的格律,首先要明了“音步”和“韵律”这两个概念。
  1.
  音步(Foot):英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。

  一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节,但不能少于两个或多于三个音节,而且其中只有一个必须重读。分析英文诗歌的格律就是将它的句子划分成音步,并分清是何种音步及音步的数量。这个过程称为scansion。

  如:诗句 “From fairest creatures we desire increase” 要是分成音步的话,就变成了这个样子:

  Fro-m fai*re-st crea*ture-s we* de-sire* i-ncrea*se

  上面“-”表示它前面是轻读音节,而“*”则表示它前面是重读音节。我们于是看出:上面的句子共有五个音步,每个音步都是由前轻读后重读的两个音节组成,这样的音节被称为“抑扬格”。颇有点唐诗的“平仄”的味道,但又有本质上的不同。我们还看出:一个音步不必等于一个单词。

  根据音步的数量,每一行一个音步的称为“单音步”(monometer);每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);三个音步的,称“三音步”(trimeter);此外还有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。

  2.
  韵律(Metre): 韵律是指音步在朗读时的轻重长短的节奏或规律,这要依据音步所含音节的数量及重读音节的位置来区分。传统英诗的音步有六种。即:

  抑扬格(Iambus)
  扬抑格(Trochee)
  抑抑扬格(Anapaest)
  扬抑抑格(Dactyl)
  抑扬抑格(Amphibrach)
  扬抑扬格(Dactyl)

  “抑”为轻读音节,“扬”为重读音节。“扬抑格”即一个音步有两个音节,前面的音节重读,后面的轻读。同理,“扬抑扬格”即一个音步有三个音节,最前的音节重读,中轻读,后重读。

  3.
  英文诗歌的押韵:英语诗歌的押韵在形式上,要比古汉语格律诗复杂。

  3.1
  就起押韵功能的单词而言,一是辅音也可入韵(比较:汉语只能根据韵母押韵。),二是押韵的音节可以选在单词的头,中间和尾(比较:每个汉字只有一个音节)。最常见的有:

  头韵(Alliteration):是指单词开始的字母重复,如great和grew;
  谐元韵(Assonance):是指单词中重读元音重复,如great和fail;
  尾韵(Rhyme):则指单词结尾的字母重复,如great和bait。

  3.2
  而一行诗中也可能同时存在多种押韵形式,如:

  The light that lies in women's eyes.

  这行诗中有头韵light和lies,谐元韵light、lies、eyes,还有尾韵lies和eyes。

  3.3
  英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式则被称为韵法(rhyming scheme)。常见的有两行转韵(AABB)、隔行押韵(ABCB)、隔行交互押韵(ABAB)和交错押韵(ABBA)等。

  如这四行诗:

  From fairest creatures we desire increase,
  That thereby beauty's rose might never die,
  But as the riper should by time decease,
  His tender heir might bear his memory:

  即为abab押韵格式,详细分解如下:

  From fairest creatures we desire incr(ease=a),
  That thereby beauty's rose might never d(ie=b),
  But as the riper should by time dec(ease=a),
  His tender heir might bear his memo(ry=b):

  4.
  英文诗歌的章法也可以受到形式的限制,如商籁诗(十四行诗 - sonnet):

  商籁诗须遵守:十四行,五音步,抑扬格这种形式。即全诗共十四行,每行五个音步,而音步的韵律是抑扬格。

  这种形式首先出现在意大利,在十六世纪中传入英国,为伊丽莎白时代的文人所宠爱。诗人如莎士比亚、斯宾塞及西德尼都写下过很多著名的十四行诗。到十八世纪,十四行诗又受到冷落。后来才浪漫派诗人济慈、沃兹沃斯等人复兴。

  英文的商籁诗两种类型:即意大利式(Petrarvhan)及莎士比业式(Shakesperoan),或称英国式。

  4.1 意大利式:
  由意大利诗人皮特拉克(Petrarch)所创,全诗分两部分:第一部分八行(The Octave),由两个四行诗体(Quatrains)组成,韵脚是abbaabba;第二部分有六行(The Sestet),韵脚可有不同形式。严格的意大利十四行诗,前八行结尾,诗意应告一段落,而后六行又转入新的诗意。

  4.2 莎士比亚式:
  全诗亦分为两个部分:第一部分是三个四行诗体组成,韵脚可交替进行。第二部分双行诗体。是最后是押韵的双行诗体。全诗韵脚是ababcdcdefefgg。莎士比亚式诗中意境一气呵成,直到最后双行诗体,为全诗高潮。

  谢谢支持 。

介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!!谢谢

(一) 一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字。
英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写,但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子,不一定能表达一个完整的意思。有时候,一行诗正好是一句,有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子。前者叫end-stopped line(结句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句)。这是英文诗与中国诗的最大区别之一。中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完整的意思。看下面一节诗:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
前两行是end-stopped line,后两行是run-on line。读跨行句诗,行末停顿较短。
跨行句在英文诗歌中极其普遍,有时十来行才成一完整句子。刚学英文诗的人,对此往往不习惯。对此我们需加注意。

(二) 诗行的长短以音步数目计算:
英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有,但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。
(各种长短诗行的专门术语:一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter八音步诗:octameter.)
在分析一首诗的格律时,既要考律此诗的基本音步类型,也要考律此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗:
An EMPTY HOUSE
Alexander Pope
You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come:
Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home.
(你拍拍脑袋,以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打,也无人把门打开。pate,脑袋。 fancy,动词:以为,想象。)
此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格,每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”(iambic pentameter)。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律(meter)。

四 压韵(rhyme)

英文诗一般都押运韵。

(一) 全韵与半韵(full rhyme and half rhyme)。
全韵是严格的押韵,其要求是:
(1) 韵要押在重读音节上,其元音应相同;
(2) 元音前的辅音应不同;
(3) 如果元音之后有辅音,应相同。
(4) 重读音节之后如有轻读音节,也应相同。
下面几对词都符合全韵的标准:
why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending.
如果仅是元音字母相同,读音不同,不符合全韵:如:
blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter.
这种情形被称为“眼韵”(eye rhyme),虽然诗人有时用之,但不是真正的押韵。
仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵:
元音不同,其前后的辅音相同,这叫谐辅韵(consonance)如:black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose.
元音相同,其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵(assonance),如lake, fate; time, mind.

(二) 尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)
押在诗行最后一个重读音节上,叫尾韵。这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位。诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者,叫行内韵。如:
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,

(三) 男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)
所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上,称男韵,也叫单韵,听起来强劲有力。如:late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.
押韵押在两个音节上,后一音节非重读音节,称女韵,也叫双韵,听起来或轻快,或幽婉。如:lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.
看下面一节诗:
I am coming, little maiden,
With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,
With the blossom for the tree.

前两行押女韵,后两行押男韵。
也有不少英文诗是不押韵的,不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗(blank verse)。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的。 押韵的诗叫rhymed verse。无韵诗不同与自由诗。无韵诗虽不押韵,但是有固定节奏,以扬抑格五音步最常见。自由诗节奏不固定,如同白话。

诗选及讲解

A SELECTION OF ENGLISH POETRY
FOR AN OPTIONAL COURSE OF THE UNDERGRADUADTES

William Shakespeare(1564—1616)
作者简介:
剧作家、诗人。一生创作三十七部戏剧,154首十四行诗。其十四行诗大部分是献给一位贵族青年,有二十余篇则是献给一位“黑肤女士”(the dark lady).

1 Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

注释:
Compare ···to 把什么比做什么。
Thou, thee 第二人称单数代词,前者主格,后者宾格。现已为you 所取代。其所有格是thy,或thine, 即现代英语的your。
Art = are. 16、17世纪时与thou连用。
Temperate: 来自拉丁文temperātus,读时为符合押韵规则,可将重音放后。
Shake:shake off。
Lease 租借期限,此处指夏天的长度。
Hath 与第三人称单数连用,相当于现代英语的has。
Dimmed: clouded.
Fair form fair: beautiful thing from beauty. 前后fair意义不同。Declines from beauty。
Chance:极缘,时运,命运。
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,/By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d:每一个美人总要失去美貌,即使没有突发的以外事件,也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁。Sometimes: 有的版本作“sometime”: at some unspecified time.
Untrimm’d: untrimmed. 本意为剥去美观的衣服等,此处隐喻夺去美貌等。
Fair thou ow’st: beauty you own. 莎士比亚时代,owe与own通用。古英语第二人称单数后加-st或-est
His shade:shadow of death.
“Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade”:“死神无从夸口,说你在他的阴影里徘徊”。
To time thou grow’st: you grow as long as time lasts. 与时间同寿。 Grow to = be incorporated with.
内容解析:
此诗的发展变化:以人比夏天开始,以人胜自然终结。前四行说明人比夏天更美更温和;中四行发展了这个意思,引到驻颜无术的感慨;第三组则新意突起,推翻前言,终于于胜利的末两行作结。此诗表达了这样一种思想:美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽;文学是人所创造的,因此这有宣告了人的不朽。因此此诗不是一般的爱情诗。
形式解析:
sonnet:十四行诗,即“商籁体”诗。此诗体起源不明,最早的例子出现于13世纪,16世纪在英国出现。主要有意大利式和英国式两种变体。意大利诗人Petrarch [/petra:k]用此诗体最精熟,故意大利式又称Petrarchan sonnet。英国式由莎士比亚创立,又称 Shakespearean sonnet.
意大利式分前八行、后六行。韵尾是abba, abba; cde, dcd.。莎士比亚式十四行诗,层次上分前四行,中四行,后四行和结尾两行。韵尾为:abab, cdcd, efef, gg。格律是抑扬格五音步。
Shall I│compare│ thee to │a sum│mer’s day? ( a)
Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)
Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)
And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)

Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)
And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)
And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)
By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)

But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)
Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)
Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)
When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)

So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)
So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee. (g)

参考译文:
能不能让我把你比拟作夏日?
你可是更加温和,更加可爱:
狂风会吹落五月的好花儿,
夏季的生命又未免结束得太快:
有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热,
他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗;
每一样美呀,总会离开美而凋落,
被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残;
但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯,
你永远不会失去你美的仪态;
死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅,
你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在;
只要人类在呼吸,眼睛看得见,
我这诗就活着,使你的生命绵延。
Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)
Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)
And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)

Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)
And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)
And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)
By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)

But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)
Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)
Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)
When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)

So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)
So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee
本文标题: 英诗韵脚到底是abab abab 还是abab cdcd 就是下一诗节开始要不要换字母
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